QT

References

i

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/CellularAutomaton.html

A cellular automaton is a collection of "colored" cells on a grid of specified shape that evolves through a number of discrete time steps according to a set of rules based on the states of neighboring cells. The rules are then applied iteratively for as many time steps as desired.

ii

https://sciencex.com/wire-news/347971706/finally-anyons-reveal-their-exotic-quantum-properties.html

In the three-dimensional world we live in, there are only two types of particles: "fermions," which repel each other, and "bosons," which like to stick together.

iii

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraph

In mathematics, a hypergraph is a generalization of a graph in which an edge can join any number of vertices. In contrast, in an ordinary graph, an edge connects exactly two vertices.

iv

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton

A cellular automaton consists of a regular grid of cells, each in one of a finite number of states, such as on and off in contrast to a coupled map lattice). The grid can be in any finite number of dimensions. For each cell, a set of cells called its neighborhood is defined relative to the specified cell. An initial state (time t=0) is selected by assigning a state for each cell. A new generation is created (advancing t by 1), according to some fixed rule (generally, a mathematical function)[3] that determines the new state of each cell in terms of the current state of the cell and the states of the cells in its neighborhood. Typically, the rule for updating the state of cells is the same for each cell and does not change over time, and is applied to the whole grid simultaneously,[4] though exceptions are known, such as the stochastic cellular automaton and asynchronous cellular automaton.

v

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wave

In telecommunications, a carrier wave, carrier signal, or just carrier, is a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is modulated (modified) with an information-bearing signal (called the message signal or modulation signal) for the purpose of conveying information.[1]

vi

https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2021/04/the-wolfram-physics-project-a-one-year-update/

What is our universe made of?

[...] The core concept is then that space as we know it is made up from a very large number of these atoms of space, connected by a network of relations that can be represented by a hypergraph.

vii

https://neuroscience.caltech.edu/people/markus-meister

The phrase “yum, yuck, meh” has be attributed to Dr. Markus Meister by Dr. Andrew Huberman on various podcasts (the Huberman Lab) as the mind’s three general motivational states.

viii

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_interference

In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent waves are combined by adding their intensities or displacements with due consideration for their phase difference. The resultant wave may have greater intensity (constructive interference) or lower amplitude (destructive interference) if the two waves are in phase or out of phase, respectively.

ix

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton

One way to simulate a two-dimensional cellular automaton is with an infinite sheet of graph paper along with a set of rules for the cells to follow. Each square is called a "cell" and each cell has two possible states, black and white. The neighborhood of a cell is the nearby, usually adjacent, cells. The two most common types of neighborhoods are the von Neumann neighborhood and the Moore neighborhood.[5]

x

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.

xi

https://www.britannica.com/science/wave-function

Wave function, in quantum mechanics, variable quantity that mathematically describes the wave characteristics of a particle. The value of the wave function of a particle at a given point of space and time is related to the likelihood of the particle’s being there at the time.

xii

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superposition:

the combination of two distinct physical phenomena of the same type (such as spin or wavelength) so that they coexist as part of the same event.

xiii

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_problem

In quantum mechanics, the measurement problem is the problem of how, or whether, wave function collapse occurs. The inability to observe such a collapse directly has given rise to different interpretations of quantum mechanics and poses a key set of questions that each interpretation must answer.